Air on a shoe string

The PNEUROP study provides an explanation for why energy efficiency has been

a low priority with compressed air users. Since compressed air is an essential

part of thhe production process for most industrial compressed air users, system

reliability is the absolute primary performance criterion and has been seen

by many users as more important than potential energy savings.

According to the PNEUROP survey, the cost of compressed air is the least important

performance criterion for users. This represents an important finding for the

survey, since the basic tool that must be used to encourage energy efficiency

is cost reduction. Several reasons seem to explain the low priority which users

give to compressed air costs, even in highly cost-competitive industries.

Air accounting

The first is the absence in most businesses of compressed air accounting – in

many cases, users are simply not aware of compressed air costs. Neither the

compressed air operating costs, nor the energy for compressed air appear as

distinct items in corporate cost accounting. Compressed air energy costs are

most often included in general overhead costs.

Because of the nature of compressed air energy costs, responsibility for cost

reduction measures is often divided between managers for maintenance, production,

purchasing and finance. Co-ordination between these functions is a problem in

all enterprises. It generally requires very high level decisions to cut across

the conflicting priorities of these functions and this type of decision is rare

for compressed air, which is not viewed as a strategic business issue for users.

Raised profile

Experience has shown that industrial enterprises are loath to allocate precious

capital resources to energy saving investments, even when they show high rates

of return on investment. The advent of the Climate Change Levy, however, has

raised the profile of energy efficiency in processes that are heavy users of

electricity. Companies should now be examining their compressed air systems

to see whether they can apply one or more of the following changes to optimise

energy consumption:

• improvement of drives – use of high efficiency motors and integration of

  variable speed drives into compressors;

• optimal choice of the type of compressor, as a function of specific end-use

  applications;

• advanced compressor technology, particularly multi-stage compressors;
• use of sophisticated control systems;
• recuperating waste heat for use in other functions;
• improved air treatment – reducing pressure and energy losses in cooling, drying

  and filtering; optimising filtering and drying as a function of users’ needs

  and of temperature conditions;

• overall system design, including multi-pressue systems;
• reducing frictional pressure losses in networks;
• reducing air leaks;
• optimising certain end use devices;
• measuring and tracking system performance.

Work undertaken during the PNEUROP study has confirmed that all of these technical

measures can improve energy efficiency in many installations.

In the UK, the government is providing an incentive for adopting energy-saving

equipment through the Enhanced Capital Allowance scheme, allowing companies

to write off 100 per cent of the cost of certain types of equipment in the year

that they buy the equipment.

In most cases, ECAs are available for individual energy saving components within

the system, plus the cost of installation and optimisation.

If a variable speed drive is fitted, the full cost of the purchase and fitting

of the drive will be specified on the ECA list. For a compressed air system,

however, only one compressor fitted with an eligible VSD per system will attract

the enhanced allowance. You will not be able to claim for more than one VSD

per system. A compressed air system is specified as being one or more compressors

on a branch or ring main system.

Integration of speed controllers can be very cost effective in compressed air

installations. With most variable speed drives on the market, their use is restricted

to the sale of new compressors, since retrofitting them to existing machines

is too problematic.